Herb library · Herb · Salix alba (and other Salix species)
White willow bark
A tree bark that contains salicin, which the body turns into salicylic acid, a relative of aspirin. Several trials found a willow bark extract eased low-back pain better than placebo; for joint pain the results are weaker, and it carries aspirin-like cautions.
Serious warning
The European Medicines Agency's assessment records a 4-year-old who went into shock from severe stomach bleeding after a syrup containing willow and meadowsweet, and anaphylaxis in an adult with an aspirin allergy. EU monographs rule it out for anyone under 18 and anyone allergic to aspirin or NSAIDs.
Traditional use
White willow is a European tree, planted in North America, whose bitter, astringent bark was used in 19th-century American medicine for recurring fevers, weak digestion and diarrhea, and at times in place of cinchona bark. EU regulators accept a willow bark dry extract for short-term low-back pain on published evidence, and willow bark preparations for minor joint pain, fever with a cold, and headache on traditional use.
Traditional energetics
Galenic (hot or cold, dry or moist)
Cold and dry in the second degree. Culpeper's Complete Herbal (1814), p. 262 (willow leaves) (opens in a new tab)
What studies show
- Limited
Low-back pain: the European Medicines Agency's herbal committee says controlled trials give moderate evidence that an extract supplying 240 mg of salicin a day works better than placebo, in a dose-dependent way. The trials had shortcomings, including small size, short duration and access to rescue painkillers, and results for one extract do not carry over to others.
- Limited
Joint pain from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the committee judged the effect to be none to moderate; studies were small and short, so its EU use for minor joint pain rests on tradition.
- Insufficient
Fever with a common cold, and headache: accepted in the EU on the basis of traditional use only.
Be careful of
Cautions
- AllergyDo not use it if you are allergic to aspirin, other salicylates or NSAIDs, or have asthma triggered by them. A case of anaphylaxis was reported in a person with an aspirin allergy.
- ConditionDo not use it with an active stomach ulcer, severe liver or kidney disease, a bleeding or clotting disorder, or G6PD deficiency (a woman with G6PD deficiency had severe breakdown of red blood cells after a salicin-containing product).
- ConditionNot for children or teenagers under 18, because of the risk of Reye's syndrome linked to salicylates.
- InteractionIt may add to the effect of blood thinners such as warfarin and antiplatelet drugs; a study of people on warfarin linked willow bark with bleeding events. Do not combine it with aspirin or other NSAIDs without medical advice.
- NoteSide effects include rash, itching, asthma, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea and heartburn. EU guidance: no more than 4 weeks for back or joint pain; see a doctor if fever lasts more than 3 days or a headache more than 1 day.
- PregnancyDo not use it in the third trimester of pregnancy. EU guidance is not to use it earlier in pregnancy or while breastfeeding either, because salicylates reach breast milk and safety is not established.
- Ask a clinicianTalk with a clinician or pharmacist before using this if you take prescription medicines, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or are giving it to a child.
From the old books
What herbals and dispensaries of the past printed. History, in their words.
“There are numerous species of Salix, many of which, undoubtedly, possess analogous medicinal virtues. The best rule to follow is to select those whose barks possess great bitterness, combined with astringency.”
“Although occasionally substituted for the cinchona bark, it is inferior in activity.”
Sources
- Willow bark - summary for the public (EMA/97861/2017) (opens in a new tab) · EMA · read September 25, 2026
- Assessment report on Salix [various species including S. purpurea L., S. daphnoides Vill., S. fragilis L.], cortex (EMA/HMPC/80628/2016) (opens in a new tab) · EMA · read September 25, 2026
- Salicis cortex - herbal medicinal product (opens in a new tab) · EMA · read September 25, 2026
Reviewed September 25, 2026.