Herb library · Herb · Plantago ovata (also Plantago psyllium)
Psyllium
The husk of a small plantain's seed, which swells into a gel in water. It is a standard bulk-forming laxative, and trials show it lowers LDL cholesterol; FDA lets foods say its soluble fiber may lower the chance of heart disease. It must be taken with plenty of liquid.
Traditional use
The seeds have long been used in India (as spogel or ispaghul) and in southern Europe as a soothing mucilage for diarrhea and constipation. Today psyllium husk is sold worldwide as a fiber supplement and laxative, and in the EU it is approved on well-established use for constipation, for softening stools, and as added fiber for people with irritable bowel syndrome or high cholesterol.
What studies show
- Established
Constipation: the European Medicines Agency accepts it on well-established use, citing clinical studies in over 900 patients that showed it works as a mild laxative, and placebo-controlled studies showing it softens stools in people with hemorrhoids.
- Established
Cholesterol and heart disease: a 2018 review of 28 randomized trials (1,924 people) found about 10 g a day lowered LDL cholesterol, graded moderate to high quality. FDA authorizes a health claim that soluble fiber from psyllium husk may lower the chance of coronary heart disease, which requires significant scientific agreement among experts.
- Limited
Irritable bowel syndrome: EU-assessed studies did not show an effect on the condition itself, but did show benefit for those who also had constipation.
Be careful of
Cautions
- AmountAlways mix it with at least 8 ounces (240 mL) of liquid and drink it right away. Swallowed with too little liquid it can swell and block the throat or bowel; in 2007 FDA ruled that granular psyllium laxatives are not generally recognized as safe after reports of esophageal obstruction.
- ConditionDo not use it if you have difficulty swallowing, a narrowing of the gut, a bowel blockage, undiagnosed rectal bleeding, or a sudden change in bowel habit lasting more than two weeks. Do not take it just before bed. Do not use it as a laxative for more than a week without a doctor's advice.
- InteractionTake it at least half an hour to an hour apart from other medicines. MedlinePlus says not to take digoxin, aspirin or other salicylates, or nitrofurantoin within 3 hours of psyllium. Using it for high cholesterol should be under medical supervision.
- AllergyAllergic reactions, including runny nose, asthma and anaphylaxis, can occur, and a death from anaphylaxis after taking a psyllium product has been reported. Avoid breathing in the powder while mixing it; that can cause allergy.
- NoteGas and bloating are common side effects. Tell your doctor if you have diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease or high blood pressure, or follow a low-sugar or low-sodium diet.
- PregnancyTell your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.
- Ask a clinicianTalk with a clinician or pharmacist before using this if you take prescription medicines, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or are giving it to a child.
From the old books
What herbals and dispensaries of the past printed. History, in their words.
“Spogel seed are very mucilaginous, and form a thick jelly with water.”
“The seeds, in tablespoonful doses, in a glass of water, before dinner, have been successfully employed to relieve chronic constipation.”
Sources
- Plantaginis ovatae seminis tegumentum - herbal medicinal product (opens in a new tab) · EMA · read September 25, 2026
- Ispaghula husk: summary for the public (opens in a new tab) · EMA · read September 25, 2026
- Psyllium: MedlinePlus Drug Information (opens in a new tab) · MedlinePlus · read September 25, 2026
- Authorized Health Claims That Meet the Significant Scientific Agreement (SSA) Standard (opens in a new tab) · FDA · read September 25, 2026
- Effect of psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) (opens in a new tab) · NIH · read September 25, 2026
- Laxative drug products for over-the-counter human use; psyllium ingredients in granular dosage forms. Final rule (2007) (opens in a new tab) · NIH · read September 25, 2026
- Psyllium-associated anaphylaxis and death: a case report and review of the literature (2003) (opens in a new tab) · NIH · read September 25, 2026
Reviewed September 25, 2026.